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Heraklion, Crete, June 12-17, 2022 Hybrid Format
Geoheritage and parks, archaeology, social and applied science, Law, economics, planning, governance
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Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
Australian Centre for Health Law Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
Cabot Institute for the Environment, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
Senior Financial Sector Specialist, Crisis and Disaster Risk Finance, World Bank, United States of America
Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist, Global Program for Urban, Resilience and Land, World Bank, United States of America
Lead Geoscience Advisor, USGS-US Agency for International Development/Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, United States of America
The World Bank, USAID/OFDA and partners are exploring the possibility of developing financial products that provide predictable financing for authorities during periods of volcanic unrest and eruption. This session focuses on methods to develop forecast-based financing to enable enhanced volcano monitoring to facilitate efficient evacuations and save lives. Similar products exist for flood,earthquakes, etc. with limited progress made to date for volcanic unrest and eruption due to the inherent complexity of volcanic activity. Many volcano observatories do not have the resources to monitor all potentially active volcanoes at the level required to provide baseline data for the development of financial products. With innovations in remote sensing and volcano monitoring,there is potential for a new global approach to monitor the ‘health’ of volcanoes (no change, unrest, eruption, etc.) and to link this research to the development of financial products that could trigger disbursement of resources during unrest and for recovery/reconstruction after eruptions.Building the capacity of observatories is tantamount to a successful program and in this session we will consider resilience from all angles, from innovative techniques to improve monitoring and forecasting capabilities at observatories, to the development of financial products that provide rapid and predictable finance when countries need it most. At this session we welcome input, discussion and ideas on how to move forward to provide authorities with resources to manage the financial burden associated with volcanic activity.
Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation: The session would add to the discussion within symposium 4 by considering options to build the resilience of authorities and citizens to volcanic eruptions. There is a need to ensure that there are adequate and timely resources for additional monitoring and operational funds for observatories and sufficient funds for evacuation, public awareness and planning in times of heightened volcanic unrest. The World Bank Group and partners are investigating options for robust measurements of volcanic unrest that could be linked to financial products to provide a rapid and predictable injection of funds to authorities who have a responsibility to monitor volcanoes. In addition, this program aims to better understand data limitations at the observatory level and in global remote sensing which currently preclude systematic, rapid, and robust assessments of volcanic unrest. The overarching aim is that that observatories can be adequately and sustainably funded to undertake volcanic monitoring.
US Geological Survey Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, United States of America
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, United States of America
Core connection to societal risk mitigation: The preserved geological, archaeological,and historical records of volcanic events combined provide a more complete understanding of how volcanic events unfold before, during, and after eruptions –of central relevance to adequate risk mitigation and planning in daily practice at observatories and crisis response.
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Geoheritage is the description, valuing and protection of geological objects in a scientific, societal and cultural context. Geoheritage permits people to know and appreciate their natural environment, including the benefits and risks of nature weighed up within the imperatives of their normal lives. This is especially true for volcano geoheritage. Geoheritage methods include the description and inventorying of geosites, an approach that is very close to risk mapping arrived at from hazard assessment. In this session we propose to discuss all aspects of volcano geoheritage, including basic methods and their relation to hazard/risk assessment, examples of volcano geoheritage and volcanic protected areas and their management, conceptual approaches to volcanic geoheritage, geotourism and the role of geoheritage in society’s resilience to natural geohazards and sustainable development implications.
The session is sponsored by the IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Geoheritage and Protected Volcanic Landscapes, and the UNESCO Geoscience Programme Project #692 “Geoheritage for Geohazard Resilience”, and IUGS Geoheritage Commission.
U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory, United States of America
University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, Greece
Geoparks are areas with geodiversity of international value and wealthy natural and human environment that aim to protect and conserve their heritage through education and geotourism development. Many geoparks worldwide exist in volcanic areas or are strongly affected by active volcanism at their vicinity,being thus prone to various geophysical induced disasters. The geoparks develop various educational, training and raising awareness activities for their inhabitants and visitors, as well as geotouristic actions focused on volcanoes. This session welcomes contributions in all previous topics as well as innovative approaches and best practices.
University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, Greece
Volcano tourism becomes more and more popular the last years as people are getting more excited and more interested in nature, geodiversity, geological heritage, geoparks, national parks. Millions of visitors are enjoying the beauty of volcanic landscapes and that also gives an economic boost in many regions in the world. People nowadays are being attracted in geotourism and ecotourism, which play a vital role in a country’s tourism and economic status.The view of an erupted volcano might be a lifetime experience, but the excitement of the moment might turn to a dramatic scenery. The closer they get, the more excitement they get. There have been recorded several victims, by molten lava,sulfurous gases, ejected products, trying to capture the unique moments. But this also poses a threat to the emergency services and put them in risk, in case of rescue. The local authorities need to take under serious consideration the possibility of the geotourists, who do not obey their instructions and don’t pay attention to the announcements of the scientists.A dark tourism is also a fact nowadays, like visiting Pompeii which is a pole of attraction because of the total, deadly devastation.
University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, Greece
Earth is a dynamic planet which never stops moving and sometimes it can be a violent planet. All Museums of Natural History, includes the category of volcanoes so as visitors to have a closer view on the creation of volcanoes, the distribution of volcanoes and why they are formed in that specific zones, the products of volcanoes, the beauty and the threat of volcanoes, the hazards, the side effects, their history and how they are connected with earthquakes. Looking at the movements of our planet’s plates in the past and referring to the previous eruptions, visitors can understanding the development of the volcanic areas and the earthquakes of the future. Photos, paintings, rock exhibitions,objects such as fossilized trees, maps, films, videos, works of art, volcanic literature, computer models based on educational demands are some of what a visitor can see in a Natural History Museum.However, it is important to have a more exciting and interactive experience on volcanic activity. But how we can attract more students and specially kids? It is so interesting to have landscape miniatures, simulators, to push a button or watch a film and see an eruption with light effects, hear the explosion and feel the earthquake. Virtual reality is also a teaching tool on volcanic fields in a museum.
Department of History and Archaeology, University of Crete / Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Greece, Museum of Medicine of Crete, University of Crete, Greece
The island of Crete, located on the edge of the Aegean Sea Plate and the African Plate and in close proximity to the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, through the ages experienced heavy earthquake activity. We can even argue that earthquakes and volcanic eruptions determined Crete’s history. The 19th century is not an exception.According to historical sources, during the 19th century Crete was struck hard by earthquakes. Historical sources bring to light that earthquakes hit the island on thirty-six (36) different years of the century. Indeed, the earthquakes of six (6) years (1805, 1810, 1815, 1846, 1856, and 1887) caused serious damages and for example, 1856’s earthquake was responsible for the almost total raze of the city of Heraklion. This session will focus on Crete’s major earthquakes of the century using a variety of published and unpublished historical documents, like Ottoman and Greek archives,European travelogues, newspapers, telegrams, mail correspondence and photographs. The aim of the session is to present these earthquakes, the locations that were mostly afflicted by them and the damages they caused. Also, the session will present the different earthquakes’ disaster management strategies that the different administrations (Egyptian, Ottoman, and Semi-autonomous Cretan) of the island followed and the various responses of the Cretan society to these disasters. Finally, the session will attempt to highlight the consequences that these earthquakes, and the aftermath crises they caused, had to the public health of the island.