Symposium 1
Volcano Observatory work and monitoring
Click on a Symposium title for details
S1.1 > Volcano hazard modelling
Developing physical-mathematical models able to describe the evolution of eruptive phenomena is a key point in volcanology. In the case of high-risk phenomena, such as lava flows or ash dispersal, predicting their spatial and temporal evolution and determining the potentially affected areas is fundamental in supporting every action directed at mitigating the risk as well as effective land use planning. This session aims to address unresolved challenging questions related to complex geophysical flow modeling and simulation, gathering physical-mathematical models, numerical methods and field and satellite data analysis in order to: (i) expand knowledge of complex volcanic processes and their space-time dynamics; (ii) monitor and model volcanic phenomena; (iii) quantify model robustness and simulation performances through validation against real case studies, analytical solutions and laboratory experiments; (iv) conduct sensitivity analysis and optimization/calibration of input parameters in all components of volcanic hazard modelling in response to eruptive crisis.
S1.2 > Cosmic-ray geotomography for volcanic hazard assessment
Conveners
Dezsõ Varga
Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
Alexandros Tasianas
Geolympus, Nicosia, Cyprus
Geophysical exploration of the Earth’s interior involves the introduction of some type of energy (i.e. electric, seismic or electromagnetic) and the measurement of the Earth’s response as to some physical property (i.e. electric resistivity, refraction or dielectric permittivity respectively). With the exemption of gravimetry and passive seismic tomography, which utilizes the natural microseismicity, tomography of volcanoes by cosmic rays (muography) is an alternative and inexpensive way that exploits the energy attenuation of cosmic muons crossing a volcano along different paths to gather information about its internal structure. Muography has mainly been used to explore the density variations in volcanoes and to monitor the magma kinetics therein by employing cutting-edge particle detector technologies. Muography is increasingly gaining ground in a number of geoscientific applications ranging from mining engineering to geotechnical engineering, archaeology and more. Muography has been a great success in imaging the internal structure volcanoes and monitoring volcanic eruptions such as the 2009 Asama and 2013 Satsuma-Iwojima eruptions in Japan. The latter opens up the possibility of muographic imaging of active volcanoes worldwide, including the south Aegean active volcanic arc (SAAVA). Therefore, we here promote muography as an innovative, real-time method of monitoring active volcanoes for the purposes of civil protection. By this session, we want to attract attention of specialists and broader audiences to the essentials of muography, typical case studies and future directions and promote muography as acutting-edge method for detecting and monitoring volcanic hazards. It is essential to inform the scientific community and civil protection authorities that muography is the cutting-edge method for detecting volcanic hazards in the making.
S1.3 > Unmanned robotic autonomous platforms on volcanoes for research, monitoring and rapid crisis response
Conveners
Florian Schwandner
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, United States of America
fschwand@jpl.nasa.gov
Angelos Mallios
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, United States of America
amallios@whoi.edu
Angie Diefenbach
USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory & Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, Vancouver WA, United States of America
adiefenbach@usgs.gov
Unmanned autonomous robotic platforms including UAS/UAVs and AUVs,are an emerging and rapidly evolving new technology used in volcano research,monitoring, and rapid crisis response. Unmanned platforms have been used in a variety of environments including aquatic (marine, lacustrine, geysers),subterranean (volcanic vents and caves), and subaerial domains. Payload sensor options, real-time data transmissions via mesh and ad-hoc networks, fleet/swarm options, constellation options with CubeSat Low Earth Orbit satellites, and increasing use of autonomy and artificial intelligence (e.g., intelligent subaerial and subaqueous plume navigation and obstacle avoidance, terrain and canopy following),and homing are frontiers experiencing rapid development to ready this new technology for event crisis tracking and response. We welcome any contribution including but not limited to case studies, citizen science, technology demonstrations and development related to unmanned autonomous or semi-autonomous sensor applications in volcanic environments.
S1.4 > Gaseous emissions from volcanic systems – science, monitoring, and impacts
Conveners
Florian Schwandner
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, United States of America
fschwand@jpl.nasa.gov
Walter D’Alessandro
National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), Palermo, Italy
Kyriaki Daskalopoulou
GFZ Potsdam, Germany
Orlando Vaselli
University of Florence, Italy
Gases (volatiles) in magmatic and hydrothermal systems play a pivotal role in magma transport and drive volcanic eruptions. Changing emissions herald eruptions and document otherwise hidden subsurface changes before, during, and after eruptions. Observatories increasingly monitor gas emissions to track and predict volcano behavior. Scientists research volatiles in magmas and their emissions into the hydro-, atmo-, pedo-, and biosphere, which affect and often dominate the hazard potential on active volcanoes (e.g., slope stability changes,toxic gas accumulations, crop damages). Emissions may be masked by lakes, soil,vegetation, geology, and groundwater, however affected in measurable and often quantifiable ways which offer new approaches to detect and observe current and past activity. Hydrothermal systems mitigate heat and volatile emissions from underlying magmas, potentially affected by changing hydrological conditions in a changing climate. Volcanic gas emission sites are increasingly used as natural analogues to study the effects of rising atmospheric CO2 levels or leaking geologic CO2 storage systems, on land and under water.This session aims to mix technical presentations with a strategic discussion on innovation to bolster cross-disciplinary dialogue on monitoring capabilities,and draft a strategic white paper / road map on integrating the competencies presented into a better framework for monitoring volcanic emissions.We welcome contributions from a broad spectrum of expertise, including but not limited to regional and local case studies, mantle and magmatic petrology, hydrothermal geochemistry, volcanic gas investigations, observational and monitoring studies and instrumentation approaches, as well as impacts on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health.
Core connection to societal risk mitigation: The emission of gaseous constituents provides for good science, monitoring, and directly impacts vulnerable populations. Emissions from volcanoes before, during, and after unrest periods can be a unique tool for monitoring and eruptive behavior tracking and prediction. The impacts of these emissions on the hydro-, atmo-, pedo-, and biosphere affect and often dominate the hazards potential on active volcanoes (e.g., landslide susceptibility and slope stability change via chemical alteration, dangerous gas accumulations, crop damages, etc.).Understanding and monitoring volatile emissions and the processes they reflect area n underutilized, though essential, part of risk mitigation decision-making strategies.
S1.5 > Reconstructing the topography of active volcanic areas by using Geomatics techniques: volcanic phenomena investigation and hazard mapping
Conveners
Lucia Capra
Centro de Geociencias, UNAM, México
Marcello De Michele
Risks and Prevention Division, BRGM – French Geological Survey, Orleans, France
Alessandro Tadini
Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne Aubiere Cedex, France
The morphologies of volcanic active areas are the surface expression of several volcanic processes, and the accurate digital reconstruction of such morphologies has received great attention over the past years due to the importance of such data. A detailed digital elevation model is in fact fundamental for modelling several volcanic phenomena such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, tephra fall-out deposition and ballistic impacts. In addition, in case of high magnitude eruptions affecting highly populated and urbanized areas, an accurate reconstruction of the topography becomes an essential tool for volcanic hazard and risk assessment.This session welcomes contributions that use Geomatics disciplines such as Airborne and Terrestrial LIDAR, Aerial and Satellite Stereo Photogrammetry by using Multispectral Optical and IR data, Synthetic Aperture Radar and Photogrammetry by drones, to obtain volcanic topographies used as input data for modelling the investigated phenomena or mapping the volcanic hazard. New ideas, developments and applications are welcome.
S1.6 > The application of drones in volcano monitoring, volcanological research and volcanic emergency management
Conveners
Karen Strehlow
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
kstrehlow@geomar.de
Emanuela De Beni
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
emanuela.debeni@ingv.it
Emma Liu
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
ejl54@cam.ac.uk
Unmanned aerial vehicles (“UAVs” or “drones”) provide the opportunity to safely enter so-far inaccessible areas on active volcanoes. The last years have seen a rapid development of drone technology and they are now increasingly utilized as an essential tool for monitoring and scientific purposes. Initially mostly used for visual observation, applications now range from photogrammetric and thermal mapping, to sampling and gas measurements. These allow us to obtain unique and novel data sets that help to better understand volcanic systems and eruption processes and thereby support hazard assessments. Drones have proved especially advantageous during volcanic crises. They can be used to assess the state of volcanic activity and update the ever-changing topography of the volcano in a cheap, quick and safe way. This is crucial for hazard propagation models and decision-making in a volcanic crisis and thereby directly supports risk mitigation efforts. This session is supposed to offer a forum for researchers, pilots, developers and those who manage volcanic crises to present and discuss recent advances, new approaches and best strategies in this young discipline. This exchange will be helpful to determine the optimal way to exploit drone technology for hazard assessment and management in volcanic areas. We invite all contributions presenting drone applications for scientific, monitoring and/or crisis management purposes, ranging from individual case studies to developments of systematic strategies.
Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation: The use of drones for volcano monitoring and especially during volcanic crises as a tool to easily assess the current state of volcanic activity is directly supporting decision-making and risk mitigation at active volcanoes.
S1.7 > Progression of unrest in volcanic systems: An evaluation and a multiparameter update of the Generic Volcanic Earthquake Swarm Model (GVESM)
Conveners
Robin Matoza
Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States of America
matoza@geol.ucsb.edu
Takao Ohminato
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Link to volcano societal risk mitigation: The session seeks to develop volcano forecasting methods which may improve safety for human populations and property near volcanoes.Session and workshop description: Volcanic systems are thought to evolve in a systematic manner with a range of observations that may be ascribed to unrest and eruption. Such a system is akin to the progression of illness in humans,where the evolution of symptoms may occur in a specific pattern which maybe exploited to improve patient health outcomes. For volcanic systems, the pattern may relate genetically to the upward migration of magma through constricted pathways and into the overlying groundwater/hydrothermal system. This systematic progression was first described as the Generic Volcanic Earthquake Swarm Model (GVESM) more than 2 decades ago and included the onset of volcano-tectonic activity > long-period earthquakes > shallow tremor and eruption. This session welcomes multidisciplinary contributions in geochemistry and geophysics (especially, but not limited to, ground deformation and seismo-acoustic monitoring) that can be used to critically assess the GVESM and other conceptual volcano forecast models. We are also interested in contributions utilizing sophisticated Machine Learning techniques which may enable identification and assessment for subtle evolutionary patterns in data. The session hopes to develop an improved multi-parameter “Generic Unrest Model”which may then be applied to hazards assessments of unrest globally.
S1.8 > The role of geosciences in monitoring and managing volcanic hazard
Conveners
Kostantinos Kyriakopoulos
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
ckiriako@geol.uoa.gr
Katerina Tsakiri
Department of Information Systems and Supplied Chain Management, Rider University, USA
ktsakiri@rider.edu
Volcanoes are, understandably, considered one of the most important natural hazards. Recent volcanic eruptions have led to significant human loss and considerable economic damage. Accurate hazard estimation is fundamental in increasing preparedness and mitigating potential risks from volcanoes.Today, multiple disciplines of geosciences have been involved in this topic and interdisciplinary actions demonstrate significant promise.Traditionally, volcanoes have been explored through seismic signals, by studying sequences of earthquakes related to volcanic activity. However, advanced seismology has developed more sophisticated approaches that offer greater potential, whether by analyzing ambient noise recordings or documenting stress changes through shear-wave splitting and classifying volcanic tremors.Temporal variations of surface deformation have been studied with the aid of GNSS networks and data-analysis techniques, as well as gravity measurements.Moreover, gas emissions have been extensively used in investigating volcanic processes. Finally, the emerging field of geological disaster management can contribute significantly in improving the response of authorities and reduce potential secondary damages. The combination of monitoring and management plans is critical in successfully and efficiently reducing risk.In this session, we invite contributors dedicated to monitoring volcanoes from fields of geosciences, including researchers involved in the analysis of seismic, GNSS, gravity and geochemical data, to submit their work on advanced,innovative approaches of applying current and past knowledge in estimating and modelling volcanic hazard, as well as experts on the risk management field to share their work on improving response for potential disasters.
S1.9 > Management of the Volcanological Data: from the production to the curation
Conveners
Benjamin Andrews
Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution, United States of America
andrewsb@si.edu
Silvia Massaro
IUGG- Union Commission for Data and Information / Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy
silvia.massaro@ingv.it
Volcanological data are heterogeneous in nature. They come from field observations, ground based and remote sensing instruments, permanent stations or campaign deployments, and include geochemical analyses, geophysical time series, images, video, and other data types. These data are collected, processed,and stored in different formats, with varying levels of support and infrastructure, and are managed by diverse institutions worldwide (observatories, universities, and research institutions). Considering this framework, volcanologists have adopted different approaches and solutions to manage their data. The range of data management solutions reflects the goals with which the data are collected, e.g. scientific monitoring, hazard mitigation/civil protection, research projects. Technological evolution has added additional complexity to data management. During recent decades, data acquisition has dramatically increased in both quantity and quality, and previously analog data are now routinely acquired digitally.The recent implementation of the “Open Science” framework poses both technical and policy challenges to increasing data access within the volcanological community. This session solicits contributions on strategies and best practices being used and adopted by the volcanological community in managing and distributing data. We will discuss broad topics related to the application of the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability) principle to volcanological data,such as standardization of data and interoperability, data archiving/repository infrastructures, data access policies, data licensing, citation and publications.We also aim to stimulate a debate about the capacity of the volcanological community to guarantee a long-term curation of data for science reproducibility.
S1.10 > Volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting in the presence of uncertainty
Conveners
Mark Bebbington
Massey University, New Zealand
Geological, geophysical and geochemical monitoring data provide the best insights we have into the status of a volcanic system. However, forecasts of the timing, location, size, and style of eruption based on these data are fundamentally uncertain. A statistical approach is required to work with them, and information useful to decision makers. Forecast uncertainty arises for a number of reasons.The physical and chemical processes controlling eruptive behaviour are inherently stochastic. Monitoring data is limited, ambiguous, and erroneous. Geological records are incomplete. And our models that relate changes in any of these to the likelihood, timing, and nature of future activity are wrong. Consequently,more reliable and useful quantitative forecasting will require developments in a range of statistical methods and understanding.This session is looking for contributions that address statistical issues in volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting. Topics could include: optimization of monitoring networks (for single volcanoes or across volcanic regions) to provide most useful forecasting information; approaches to deal with an absence of baseline monitoring data; forecasting changes in eruption style or the end of eruption; adjusting forecasts to account for missing data; the integration of ‘physics-based’ and empirical forecasting models; and tools to allow better decisions to made on the basis of uncertain forecasts.
Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation:Eruption forecasting can be a key component of risk management strategies,allowing timely measures to reduce societal risk, such as evacuations or land use and infrastructure planning. However, forecasts are uncertain, and decision making under these conditions is challenging. As a community of scientists and risk managers, in order to make better decisions, we need improved understanding of the nature of eruption forecasting methods, the data on which they are based,and their uncertainties.
This session is sponsored by the IAVCEI Commission on Statistics In Volcanology.
S1.11 > Large- to small-scale instability-to-collapse processes and mass wasting: dynamics, models and hazard implications
Conveners
Rosanna Bonasia
CONACYT - Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ESIA Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
rbonasia@conacyt.mx
Alessandro Bonforte
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania – Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
alessandro.bonforte@ingv.it
Federico Di Traglia
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics - OGS, Borgo Grotta Gidante 42/C, 34010 Sgonico, Italy
Irene Manzella
University of Plymouth, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences (Faculty of Science and Engineering), United Kingdom
irene.manzella@plymouth.ac.uk
Mass-wasting in volcanic environment, both on-shore and subaqueous, comprises a wide spectrum of phenomena, from large lateral collapse to shallow debris remobilization that represent a major threaten for societies. Slope stability ranges from slow and continuous to sudden and catastrophic and the interpretation of such events is challenged by the complex and evolving interactions between tectonic, magmatic, fluid, and gravitational processes. The moving masses can behave in different ways depending on water content and flow rheology and can demonstrate different modes from flank spreading or collapse to granular or viscous flow. Water plays an important role in the transport and emplacement mechanisms of the flows, enhancing their run-out and destructive power. Many volcanoes worldwide are located in tropical, high-precipitation environments or are covered by snow or glaciers, which exacerbates the potential for landslides, lahars and debris avalanches. In most cases, volcano slopes continue below sea level and also subaqueous volcano flanks can be prone to mass wasting, often affected by terrestrial volcano built-up and activity. This session encourages multidisciplinary contributions from both earth and social scientists that critique,explain and discuss how high-resolution vulnerability and risk analysis and volcanic mass flow studies are necessary to reduce disaster risk within vulnerable populations. We expect contributions that integrate field-based geological and geochemical studies, geomorphological mapping, geophysical investigations,remote sensing and analytical, numerical and analogical modelling.
S1.12 > Pyroclastic density current transport and emplacement mechanisms: insights from field, experimental, and modelling studies
Conveners
Benjamin Andrews
Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution, United States of America
andrewsb@si.edu
Gert Lube
Massey University, New Zealand
Michael Ort
School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, United States of America
michael.ort@nau.edu
Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) are among the most hazardous of all volcanic processes. These currents can rapidly disperse volcanic material overlarge areas presenting substantial threats to life and property. PDCs can also generate buoyant plumes of ash (co-ignimbrite) that endanger aviation and result in downwind ashfall hazards. Despite our knowledge of the stratigraphic and sedimentological characteristics of PDC deposits, and the recent advances in laboratory experiments, our comprehension about the flow and emplacement dynamics of these gravity-driven flows is still incomplete. Ongoing studies focus on characterizing physical properties (such as velocity, particle concentration,temperature, and grain-size distribution), and how those properties evolve through time and space, and how they are affected by topography and other external parameters.Consequently, detailed descriptions of physical and textural properties of volcanic deposits, and physics-based numerical and analogue experiments must be used together to improve the knowledge of the phenomenon and our conceptual models of PDCs transport and emplacement dynamics. Ultimately, such models aim to improve volcanic hazard assessment and forecasting.This session aims to gather multidisciplinary contributions (such as field surveys,rock magnetic analysis, numerical models, and laboratory experiments) to investigate internal (dynamic pressure, thermal state, fluid turbulence conditions, granulometry, depositional rate) and external (morphological characteristics,topography confinement, slope angle) conditions of PDCs that potentially affect their energy dissipation, transport mechanisms and depositional behaviour.
Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation: High-speed,gravity-driven flows of hot particles and gas represent a highly destructive product of explosive volcanism. Despite the numerous historical cases of fatalities provoked by hot gas and ash mixture flows (e.g. Mont Pelée 1902, El Chichón 1982, Soufrière Hills 1997, Mount Unzen 1991, Fuego 2018 eruptions), increasing numbers of people live in the pyroclastic flow paths of active volcanoes. Due to the elevated vulnerability of these populated areas, in terms of human losses and economic damages, we are proposing this session to highlight the importance of a better understanding of the physical processes involved during PDC transport and emplacement. The multidisciplinary approach will contribute to PDC risk mitigation with the development of advanced numerical and analogue models reproducing and simulating probable future events and, therefore, more detailed hazard maps as outputs.
S1.14 > Volcano Seismology and Geodesy: Recent Advances in Understanding Volcanic Processes in Methana Volcano, Greece
Conveners
Athanassios Ganas
NOA Institute of Geodynamics, Athens, Greece
aganas@noa.gr
Christos Evangelidis
NOA Institute of Geodynamics, Athens, Greece
Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos
University of Athens, Department of Geology, Athens, Greece
The build-up of the Methana stratovolcano at the NW corner of the Hellenic arc involved a variety of hazardous phenomena including explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lava flows. Since 230 BC (age of last eruption) the volcano entered a period of volcanic quiescence. We can gain insights into volcanic hazards in Methana by tracking subsurface processes such as magma and hydrothermal fluid migration using volcano seismology, geochemistry and GNSS studies. Moreover,recent advances in analysis and interpretation of seismic and GNSS data from permanent and non-permanent networks on Methana may facilitate a precise characterization and quantification of the physical processes leading to and producing volcanic phenomena. We welcome submissions that explore new seismic, geodetic and geochemical observations, interpretations, models,instrumentation, or techniques that promote our understanding of volcanic processes and assist in future monitoring efforts at Methana.
S1.15 > Volcanic Degassing: Insights into Volcanic Processes, Impacts and Hazard
Eugenia Ilyinskaya
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
Volcanoes release gas and aerosol particles into the atmosphere during eruptive episodes and by quiescent emissions. Volcanic degassing exerts a dominant role in forcing the timing and nature of unrests and volcanic eruptions. Understanding the behaviour/exsolution of gases dissolved in magma, and measuring their emissions is crucial to characterise eruptive mechanism and evaluate impacts on health, atmospheric composition and environment. Emissions range from silent exhalation through soils to astonishing eruptive clouds that release gases and particles into the atmosphere exerting a strong impact on the Earth’s radiation budget and climate over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanic sulphate aerosols may lead to decrease in Earth’s surface temperatures for years, and emitted halogens can perturb atmospheric chemistry. Through direct exposure and indirect effects, volcanic emissions may influence local-to-regional air quality, seriously affect the biosphere and environment, and the release of gas from soil may pose long-term health-hazards. Gases are measured and monitored via a range of in-situ and remote sensing techniques, to gain insights into both the subterranean-surface processes and quantify the extent of volcano’s impacts. Modelling of the subsurface and atmospheric processes, as well as laboratory experiments, are fundamental to the interpretation of the field-based and satellite observations. This session focuses on the state of the art and multi-disciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic degassing and impacts of relevance to the volcanology, environment, atmospheric/climate science and hazard assessment. We invite contribution discussing how we go from observations to synoptic understanding of volcanic processes and their impacts.Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation: health, atmospheric composition and environment.
S1.16 > Seismicity and ground deformation link in volcanic areas: multidisciplinary approaches and joint investigation over different timescales
Conveners
Mariarosaria Falanga
Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica applicata/DIEM, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
mfalanga@unisa.it
Paola Cusano
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
paola.cusano@ingv.it
Enza De Lauro
Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione ed Elettrica e Matematica applicata/DIEM, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
edelauro@unisa.it
Simona Petrosino
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy
simona.petrosino@ingv.it
Ciro Ricco
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Italy
ciro.ricco@ingv.it
Multidisciplinary analysis of data coming from different fields, such as ground deformation and seismic observations, represents a successful strategy to investigate the dynamics of volcanoes. The deformation pattern related to fracture processes or induced by fluid mass movements are often associated with the occurrence of seismicity, and the two phenomena can be interpreted in a unified framework. The time scales involved in these processes span from seconds up to tidal periodicity (diurnal, fortnightly, monthly).This main topic of this session is to provide a contribution to the understanding of the link between ground deformation and seismicity. Indeed, joint analysis of tilt and seismic data could evidence the relationships between tilt patterns and the rate and energy of seismicity (earthquakes) also on different time scales.The characterization of the kinematics and evolution of crustal deformation associated with volcano activity could allow a prompt identification of eruptive precursors. In this context, studies concerning the analysis and interpretation of ground deformation are welcome, including tilt meter, GPS, strain meter data as well as seismic signals. Contributions adopting innovative techniques or multidisciplinary approaches are strongly encouraged.
S1.17 > Advances in understanding volcanic debris avalanche processes and hazards - from field studies to experimental and numerical modelling applications
Conveners
Matteo Roverato
School of Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment, Yachay Tech University, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador
mroverato@yachaytech.edu.ec
The formation of volcanic debris avalanches (VDA) resulting from the failure of an unstable edifice represents the largest-magnitude hazard from active, dormant and even extinct stratovolcanoes. While these events are much less frequent than other volcanic hazards, they represent by far the most destructive scenario, involving large volumes of debris and potential travel distances of more than 100 km. The 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption, 40 years ago this month, presented the first opportunity to observe and document the generation and emplacement of a large VDA. These observations integrated with studies of the produced deposits provided a ground-breaking model for the interpretation of similar deposits elsewhere. Consequently, VDA deposits have been recorded at many volcanoes worldwide and their generation through catastrophic edifice failure is now recognised as a common, often recurring phenomenon in the life cycle of long-lived composite volcanoes. While research since the 1980 event has significantly improved our knowledge of the factors leading to volcano collapse as well as VDA transport and emplacement processes, their complex flow dynamics are still not fully understood. In particular the observed excess run out and transformation into cohesive debris flows pose challenges for accurate numerical modelling and similarly, more precise input parameters are required for the development of realistic hazard models. We invite contributions from field, experimental and modelling approaches focused on advances in understanding volcanic instability, trigger mechanisms of catastrophic edifice failure, VDA transport and emplacement processes and sedimentary characteristics of the resulting deposits.Core connection between the proposed session and societal risk mitigation: While volcanic debris avalanches are typically of low frequency, they are a common process at active, dormant and even extinct composite volcanoes worldwide.Their extreme mobility and large volume make them a high-magnitude hazard with widespread, devastating impacts on communities and infrastructure in the surroundings of unstable volcanoes. Such events often occur with little warning, thus in order to mitigate future risk from debris-avalanche generating volcanic edifice failures, it is important to understand their probability and likely scale. Modelling approaches can help test various scenarios and identify areas most at risk of these catastrophic mass flows. As they rely on a range of input parameters such as the nature of past events, present-day geomorphology and up-to-date knowledge of flow dynamics, it is crucial to continue improving our multi-disciplinary understanding of debris avalanche processes.
S1.18 > Integrating knowledge of tectonic and magmatic processes with monitoring during periods of volcanic unrest
Conveners
John Browning
Department of Mining Engineering and Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
jbrowning@ing.puc.cl
Fabio Luca Bonali
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca
fabio.bonali@unimib.it
Katharine Cashman
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom
glkvc@bristol.ac.uk
Panagiotis Pomonis
Department of Mineralogy & Petrology, Faculty of Geology & Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
ppomonis@geol.uoa.gr
Andreas Magganas
Department of Mineralogy & Petrology, Faculty of Geology & Geoenvironment, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
amagganas@geol.uoa.gr
While volcanotectonic, geophysical and petrogenetic studies attempt to explain how and why volcanoes erupt, volcano monitoring (e.g. ground deformation, seismicity, gas analysis, and thermal imaging) evaluates the active and dynamic state of a volcano. Linking and testing models derived from the study of tectonic and magmatic processes with data from monitored volcanoes is essential on improving eruption forecasting. This remains challenging partly because there lacks a unified model for the dominant processes that drive the formation and arrangement of magmatic plumbing systems.In this session, we seek contributions related to multidisciplinary approaches and novel methodologies (volcanotectonics, petrography, experimental volcanology, monitoring, modelling) on linking the effects of active tectonics (regional tectonics, faulting) and magmatic activity (generation and movement of magma in the crust, magma chamber triggering processes, host rock-magma interaction and assimilation), with real-time monitoring (imaging, eruption precursors,data collection and interpretation) during volcanic unrest periods. Our hope is that this session will provide interesting discussions on volcano dynamics related to volcanic plumbing systems and aid in more effective identification and interpretation of volcanic unrest and ultimately develop eruption forecasting.
S1.19 > Volcano deformation: data integration, models, ambiguities and implications for eruption forecasting
Conveners
Alessandro Bonforte
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania – Osservatorio Etneo, Catania, Italy
alessandro.bonforte@ingv.it
Emily Montgomery-Brown
U.S. Geological Survey California Volcano Observatory, Menlo Park, CA, United States of America
emontgomery-brown@usgs.gov
Aline Peltier
Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise, CNRS, La Plaine des Cafres, France
Ground deformation observations are critical components of volcano monitoring, they are able to reveal ongoing and long-term dynamics and, yet used in isolation, they can raise many unanswerable questions about, for example, the type and density of fluids causing deformation, or the total volume of eruptible magma.
Like all disciplines, volcano geodesy alone can solve only a part of the problem, revealing some dynamics and hiding or being blind to others. For this session, we seek presentations focused on volcano deformation that integrate geological, geophysical or geochemical data, or conceptual, experimental, analytical or numerical modeling to reduce the ambiguities of interpreting deformation alone. We also encourage contributions investigating time variable source processes and source evolution constrained by non-geodetic observations, or formally integrating data from multiple disciplines (joint inversions, physics-based modeling, machine learning). Of interest are also investigations into the performance and trade-offs between simple analytical and more realistic and complex source models in time-constrained monitoring or rapid-response settings that analyze impacts of model-biases on interpretations and eruption forecasts, and examples of these results being shared with the public or civil authorities.
S1.20 > Submarine Volcanism: volcanic hazards, seafloor monitoring and public awareness
Conveners
Paraskevi Nomikou
Faculty of Geololgy and Geoenvironment, NKUA, Athens, Greece
evinom@geol.uoa.gr
Rebecca Carey
School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Australia
rebecca.carey@utas.edu.au
Michael Perfit
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, United States of America
mperfit@ufl.edu
Adam Soule
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Falmouth, MA, United States of America
ssoule@whoi.edu
Over 75% of the volcanic activity on Earth occurs under water. Recent increased unrest at many submarine volcanoes raises serious concerns regarding the level of risk posed to local communities. The overall goal of this session is to promote an integrated volcanological and socio-economic approach to underpin new concepts (e.g. for risk monitoring protocols or civil hazard planning), next-generation commercial products (e.g. for in-situ sensors or imaging instrumentation), and innovative services (e.g. for education/training or early-warning systems for society) for understanding the impact of disastrous submarine volcanic hazards on society.The topics of session should cover, without being limited to, the following areas: i) documentation and identification of submarine volcanic hazards such as: volcanic eruptions and related seismic activity, submarine landslides, hydrothermal emissions and volcanogenic tsunamis using classical field geology, numeric modeling, and analog experiments, ii) exploration of optimal monitoring technologies and state of the art methods, providing new insights for further exploration and potential exploitation of submarine volcanoes,which host significant hydrothermal deposits, minerals and fauna, iii) volcanic crisis management, general public awareness and preparedness, for a better understanding of the hazards and impacts of submarine volcanoes.
This session is under the aegis of the IAVCEI Commission on Submarine Volcanism.
S1.21 > Volcanogenic tsunamis: generation mechanisms and hazard assessment
Conveners
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos
National Observatory of Athens, Greece (ret.)
papadop@noa.gr
In active volcanic areas tsunamis are generated by a variety of mechanisms
related to the type of the volcano and the mode of activity, and have been
responsible for a substantial proportion of volcanic fatalities in the
historical record. Usually such tsunamis are local or regional, but can
still be powerful and destructive, and may in some cases be transoceanic
(e.g. the 1883 Krakatau tsunami in the Indonesian arc). The 2018
sector-collapse generated tsunami at Anak Krakatau highlighted the
potentially devastating impacts of volcanogenic tsunamis, as well as the
current challenges in forecasting the timing of such events. Not all
volcanic tsunamis are directly associated with or driven by eruptive
activity. However, the relatively small number of well-observed events, as
well as the diverse and complex tsunami sources, means that many aspects
of this hazard remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to
effectively mitigate this hazard. This session invites contributions
researching all aspects of volcanic tsunamis, including volcanological
interpretations of individual events and their precursors, investigations
of tsunami source processes, the use of tsunami modelling in developing
mitigation strategies, and approaches to monitoring and communication.
Contributions about the December 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami are
particularly welcomed. Of special interest is also the development of
instrumental monitoring and warning of volcanic tsunamis particularly in
the near-field domain. In addition to talks and posters, we would like
this session to include a discussion aimed at identifying the specific
conditions that make volcanogenic tsunamis a challenging hazard to monitor
and mitigate, and the approaches required to address this challenge.
S1.23 > Fissure eruptions: processes and products
Conveners
Thomas J. Jones
Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, USA
thomas.jones@rice.edu
Carolyn Parcheta
U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI, USA
cparcheta@usgs.gov
Freysteinn Sigmundsson
Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Iceland
fs@hi.is
Fissure eruptions initiate as curtains of lava fountains often several hundred meters to a few kilometres in length. The eruptive fissure geometries are initially of high aspect ratio, and may involve multiple vents connected at depth, but appearing segmented and separated at the surface. Over the order of hours to weeks, the curtain often focuses to one main point along the fissure. This dynamic evolution makes hazard monitoring and mitigation challenging. A continuous spectrum from explosive (e.g. fountaining) to effusive (e.g. lava flows) behaviour exists, and occasionally a single vent can transition in behaviour or display two variants simultaneously. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal variations in eruptive style produce highly variable deposits (typically including spatter bombs, scoria, lapilli, and pele’s hair). Recent eruptions such as the 2018 eruption of Kilauea’s Lower East Rift Zone have highlighted the extreme variably of these eruptions and the challenges they pose to society. This session welcomes contributions that cover any aspect of fissure eruptions. These topics include, but are not limited to, monitoring techniques, hazardmanagement, magma storage and transport, eruption dynamics, and associated long-term impacts.